Metabolic syndrome and liver
Authors:
Tomáš Koller
Authors‘ workplace:
V. interná klinika LF UK a UN Bratislava, Nemocnica Ružinov, prednosta prof. MUDr. Juraj Payer, PhD., FRCP
Published in:
Forum Diab 2014; 3(3): 149-153
Category:
Topic
Overview
In addition to traditionally recognized factors affecting the liver (alcohol, viruses, etc.), the presence of the metabolic syndrome causes various liver lesions. They range from simple steatosis, which is considered a benign lesion, to steatohepatitis, which progresses to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Each of the components of the metabolic syndrome in isolation can cause liver damage. The presence of several of these components increases the degree of damage leading potentially to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. At the stage of liver cirrhosis specific liver lesions caused by the metabolic syndrome are no more present, therefore the etiology of cirrhosis is often considered as cryptogenic. Metabolic syndrome is also a factor that worsens the prognosis of alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C. We are currently witnessing a worldwide epidemic of the metabolic syndrome and associated liver injury becomes the most prevalent liver disease. In addition, the presence of liver injury markers increases the risk of progression of the metabolic syndrome itself and also increases the risk of cardiovascular events.
Key words:
end-stage liver disease – hepatocellular carcinoma – liver cirrhosis – liver – steatohepatitis –liver steatosis
Sources
1. IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome 2005. International Diabetes Federation. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/Metabolic_syndrome_definition.pdf>.
2. Mokáň M, Galajda P, Prídavková D et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in Slovakia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81(2):238–242.
3. AGA technical review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123(5): 1705–1725.
4. Koller T, Kollerová J, Hlavatý T et al. Prevalencia markerov poškodenia pečene u pacientov s metabolickými rizikovými faktormi. Vnitr Lek 2010; 56(3): 183–189.
5. Del Gaudio A, Boschi L, Del Gaudio GA et al. Liver damage in obese patients. Obes Surg 2002; 12(6): 802–804.
6. Qureshi K, Abrams GA. Metabolic liver disease of obesity and role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13(26): 3540–3553.
7. Gupte P, Amarapurkar D, Agal S et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19(8): 854–858.
8. Kalra S, Vithalani M, Gulati G et al. Study of prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes patients in India (SPRINT). J Assoc Physicians India 2013; 61(7): 448–453.
9. Dvorak K, Hainer R, Petrtyl J et al. The prevalence of nonalcoholic liver steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Czech Republic. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014. Dostupné z DOI: <http://doi: 10.5507/bp.2014.033>.
10. Perry RJ, Samuel VT, Petersen KF et al. The role of hepatic lipids in hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2014; 510(7503): 84–91.
11. Heianza Y, Arase Y, Tsuji H et al. Metabolically Healthy Obesity, Presence or Absence of Fatty Liver, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Individuals: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 20 (TOPICS 20). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99(8): 2952–60.
12. Idilman IS, Akata D, Hazirolan T et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with significant coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients: A computed tomography angiography study. J Diabetes 2014. Dostupné z DOI: <http://doi: 10.1111/1753–0407.12172>.
13. Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(8): 2119–2121.
14. Miyake Z, Eguchi H, Shinchi K et al. Glucose intolerance and serum aminotransferase activities in Japanese men. J Hepatol 2003; 38(1): 18–23
15. Liang J, Gong Y, Wang Y et al. Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase is Associated with Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Adults: The Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) Study. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
16. De Marco R, Locatelli F, Zoppini G et al. Cause-specific mortality in type 2 diabetes. The Verona Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22(5): 756–761.
17. Lin CC, Chiang JH, Li CI et al. Cancer risks among patients with type 2 diabetes: a 10-year follow-up study of a nationwide population-based cohort in Taiwan. BMC Cancer. 2014; 14: 381. Dostupné z DOI: <http://doi: 10.1186/1471–2407–14–381>.
18. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Saab S et al. The impact of type 2 diabetes and obesity on the long-term outcomes of more than 85 000 liver transplant recipients in the US. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40(6): 686–694.
19. Donati G, Stagni B, Piscaglia F et al. Increased prevalence of fatty liver in arterial hypertensive patients with normal liver enzymes: role of insulin resitance. Gut 2004; 53(7): 1020–1023.
20. Fallo F, Dalla Pozza A, Sonino N et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in essential hypertension. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19(9): 646–653.
21. Assy A, Kaita K, Mymin D. Fatty inflitration of liver in hyperlipidemic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45(10): 1929–1934.
22. Andre P, Balkau B, Vol S et al. DESIR Study Group. Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and development of the metabolic syndrome (International Diabetes Federation Definition) in middle-aged men and women: Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(9): 2355–2361.
23. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L et al. Hepatic enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older men. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(12): 2913–2918.
24. Lee DS, Evans JC, Robins SJ et al. Gamma glutamyl transferase and metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and mortality risk: the Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27(1): 127–133.
25. Kang YH, Min HK, Son SM et al. The association of serum gamma glutamyltransferase with components of the metabolic syndrome in the Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77(2): 306–313.
26. Jarcuska P, Janicko M, Drazilová S et al. HepaMeta Team. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level associated with metabolic syndrome and proinflammatory parameters in the young Roma population in eastern Slovakia: a population-based study. Cent Eur J Public Health 2014; 22(Suppl): S43-S50.
27. Raynard B, Balian A, Fallik D et al. Risk factors of fibrosis in alcohol-induced liver disease. Hepatology 2002; 35(3): 635–638.
28. Hayman AV, Sofair AN, Manos MM et al. Prevalence and predictors of hepatic steatosis in adults with newly diagnosed chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C. Medicine (Baltimore) 2009; 88(5): 302–306.
29. Chen J, Han Y, Xu C, Xiao T et al. Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Ratziu V, Bonyhay L, Di Martino V et al. Survival, liver failure, and hepatocelular carcinoma in obesity related cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology 2002; 35(2): 1485–1493.
Labels
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicineArticle was published in
Forum Diabetologicum
![Issue 3](https://www.forumdiabetologicum.sk/media/cache/resolve/journal_issue/media/image_pdf/2b7da0c4a8decf95e545d7214a369189.jpeg)
2014 Issue 3
Most read in this issue
- Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases
- Metabolic syndrome and liver
- Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in Cushing‘s syndrome
- Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus